我國知識產權所面臨的問題
2018-11-28 558 來自網絡,MYJ
近年來,中國知識產權事業取得了長足發展,成就令世界矚目。但仍有一些問題值得探究,亟待研究解決。筆者認為,中國應進一步重視知(zhi)識產權的經濟價值,提升國際經濟競爭(zheng)力。
中國知識(shi)產權取得的巨大成就
自2004年以來,中國知識產權在立法(fa)、行政、司法(fa)等各(ge)個方面都取得了巨大成(cheng)就(jiu)。
在知(zhi)識產權(quan)數(shu)量方面:2017年(nian)發(fa)(fa)明(ming)專利(li)(li)申(shen)請量為138.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),授(shou)權發(fa)(fa)明(ming)專利(li)(li)42萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)國內發(fa)(fa)明(ming)專利(li)(li)授(shou)權32.7萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。國家知識產(chan)權局共受理(li)PCT國際專利(li)(li)申(shen)請5.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)4.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)來自國內;2017年(nian)商(shang)標(biao)注冊(ce)申(shen)請量為574.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),截至2017年(nian)年(nian)底,商(shang)標(biao)累計申(shen)請量2784.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),累計注冊(ce)量1730.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),有效注冊(ce)商(shang)標(biao)量1492萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian);2017年(nian),著(zhu)作權登記(ji)(ji)總量達274.7652萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)作品(pin)登記(ji)(ji)200.1966萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),計算(suan)機軟件(jian)(jian)(jian)著(zhu)作權登記(ji)(ji)74.5387萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
在知識產權(quan)行(xing)政和司法保護方面:2017年(nian)人民(min)法院一審、二審、再審共新(xin)(xin)收(shou)各(ge)類知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)23.7242萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),審結(jie)22.5678萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),比2016年(nian)分別(bie)上升33.5%和31.43%。其中,知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)民(min)事一審案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)(xin)收(shou)20.1039萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),審結(jie)19.2938萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);新(xin)(xin)收(shou)案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中,著(zhu)作權(quan)(quan)(quan)13.7267萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),商標3.7946萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),專利1.601萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),同比上升分別(bie)為57.8%, 39.58%, 29.56%;2017年(nian),國家知識(shi)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)局專利復審委(wei)員會受理(li)復審請求3.4123萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),受理(li)無效宣告請求4565件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);“劍網2017”專項行(xing)動共檢(jian)查網站(zhan)6.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)個(ge),關閉侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)盜(dao)版網站(zhan)2554個(ge),刪除侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)盜(dao)版連(lian)結(jie)71萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)條,收(shou)繳侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)盜(dao)版制品276萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),立案(an)(an)調查網絡(luo)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)盜(dao)版案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)543件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),會同公安部(bu)門查辦(ban)刑(xing)事案(an)(an)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)57件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、涉(she)案(an)(an)金額1.07億元。
在知識產權交易數(shu)量方面(mian):2017年(nian)全(quan)國專利(li)(li)轉讓19.1606萬(wan)(wan)件(jian),其中發(fa)明專利(li)(li)10.2195萬(wan)(wan)件(jian),實用新(xin)型專利(li)(li)7.3627萬(wan)(wan)件(jian),外觀(guan)設計專利(li)(li)1.5784萬(wan)(wan)件(jian);技(ji)術合同36.7586萬(wan)(wan)項(xiang)(xiang),成(cheng)交金額(e)(e)為1.34萬(wan)(wan)億元(yuan)(yuan),涉(she)及(ji)各類知識(shi)產(chan)權的技(ji)術合同15.304萬(wan)(wan)項(xiang)(xiang),成(cheng)交額(e)(e)為5550.67億元(yuan)(yuan),技(ji)術秘(mi)密合同8.0258萬(wan)(wan)項(xiang)(xiang),成(cheng)交額(e)(e)為2991.27億元(yuan)(yuan)。2017年(nian),專利(li)(li)質押(ya)項(xiang)(xiang)目數(shu)4177項(xiang)(xiang),融資總額(e)(e)720億元(yuan)(yuan);2017年(nian)商(shang)標質押(ya)登記件(jian)數(shu)達到1291件(jian),金額(e)(e)達370.22億元(yuan)(yuan)。
從中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)內生產總(zong)值(GDP)及進(jin)出口額來看(kan):2017年(nian)(nian)GDP為(wei)(wei)人民幣(bi)82.71萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),其中(zhong)第一(yi)產業(ye)為(wei)(wei)6.55萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第二產業(ye)為(wei)(wei)33.46萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),第三產業(ye)為(wei)(wei)42.7萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan);2017年(nian)(nian),貨物貿易進(jin)出口總(zong)值人民幣(bi)27.79萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),其中(zhong),出口15.33萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),進(jin)口12.46萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),貿易順差(cha)2.87萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),其中(zhong)對美貿易順差(cha)1.87萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan);2017年(nian)(nian),民營(ying)企業(ye)進(jin)出口10.7萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),占進(jin)出口總(zong)值的38.5%,其中(zhong),出口7.13萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan),進(jin)口3.57萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)。
從前述中國知識產權的申(shen)請(qing)、訴訟、交易的數量與金(jin)額(e)和中國(guo)國(guo)內(nei)生產(chan)總值及進出口金(jin)額(e)所(suo)涉(she)及的技術研發(fa)及產(chan)業(ye)龐大動(dong)能來(lai)看,中國(guo)知識(shi)產(chan)權價值面臨廣闊發(fa)展空(kong)間。
亟(ji)需解決和完善的問(wen)題(ti)
“要實現建成知識產權(quan)強國的目標,還需要解決好(hao)以下幾個問(wen)題(ti):
完善專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)質(zhi)量與價(jia)值(zhi)評(ping)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制。亟需建立(li)完善的專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)質(zhi)量與價(jia)值(zhi)評(ping)價(jia)機(ji)(ji)制,并運(yun)用大數據、人工智能技術評(ping)價(jia)國(guo)內外(wai)申請人的中(zhong)國(guo)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)質(zhi)量與價(jia)值(zhi)等級(ji),同時也評(ping)價(jia)中(zhong)國(guo)在美(mei)、歐、日所申請的專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)質(zhi)量與價(jia)值(zhi)等級(ji),并采取專(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)對(dui)策,破解(jie)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)數量上的難題并有效(xiao)投(tou)入資(zi)源。
建立專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)全生命周期(qi)運(yun)營模(mo)式。亟需(xu)建立從技術(shu)研發、技術(shu)揭露、權(quan)利(li)(li)(li)保護到專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)資(zi)產貨幣化等全鏈條的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)運(yun)營模(mo)式,以大數(shu)據為基礎,徹底改變長期(qi)以來的(de)不連續且無數(shu)據支持的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)申請、授權(quan)、維持、訴訟、質押、作價投資(zi)等狀態,這樣即可(ke)推(tui)進(jin)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)布(bu)局、資(zi)產組合,而(er)且將使專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)脫(tuo)離“證書數(shu)量”表(biao)象,進(jin)而(er)全面(mian)掛鉤(gou)技術(shu)商(shang)品化及專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)(li)貨幣化市場運(yun)作。
公開透明專利申請及(ji)(ji)訴訟數據。應當完善專利的(de)申請、復審(shen)、無效及(ji)(ji)侵權(quan)訴訟等過程及(ji)(ji)數據的(de)公開透明機(ji)制,加速開放數據且(qie)可公開檢(jian)索(suo)分析,這樣(yang)方能促進各利益關系(xi)人提升專利含金量并確保(bao)公平公正。
建立良好的專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利交(jiao)(jiao)易生(sheng)態產業。亟(ji)需建構專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利申(shen)請人、代理人、律(lv)師、技術專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)、經濟專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)、審(shen)查員、司法(fa)(fa)人員等專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)業的專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利生(sheng)態圈,同時優化(hua)程(cheng)序(xu)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)及倫理規(gui)范,推進互(hu)聯網及相關交(jiao)(jiao)易平(ping)臺,這樣方能使中國成為(wei)全(quan)球(qiu)最(zui)(zui)大的專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利訴訟及交(jiao)(jiao)易市場(chang),進而建立全(quan)球(qiu)最(zui)(zui)大的專(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)利交(jiao)(jiao)易產業。
完善跨國專利布局及風險控制。亟需擴大在美、歐、日、印等國家和地區的專利布局,提升在各國專利的數量與質量,尤其須適應和掌握各國專利審查準則及申請、訴訟與交易實務,并提升翻譯質量等。此外,中國企業現在所面臨的專利風險主要在美、歐等國家和地區,因此亟需運用大數據、人工智能技術評價美、歐等專利質量與價值等級,即能掌握其專利各類活動的虛實,且還需具備大規模無效美、歐專利或主張不可執行的條件,如是方可提升中國知(zhi)識產權的國際競爭力。