未來能源產業將有哪些重大變革?
2023-11-13 154
綠色發展是全(quan)球(qiu)共(gong)同的(de)目標,綠色能(neng)源正成(cheng)(cheng)為實現這一目標的(de)核心抓手(shou)。據報道,中國石(shi)化川維(wei)化工(gong)公(gong)司(si)的(de)“萬噸(dun)級天然氣制(zhi)乙炔成(cheng)(cheng)套技(ji)術(shu)”近日(ri)將再次走出國門,出口(kou)烏茲別(bie)克斯坦,為當(dang)地提供綠色能(neng)源技(ji)術(shu)“中國方案”,助力“一帶一路”。此前,白鶴灘水電站(zhan)16臺機組全(quan)部投產,每天發電1億多(duo)度,長江干流(liu)上的(de)6座(zuo)巨型梯級水電站(zhan)更(geng)是形成(cheng)(cheng)了世界(jie)最大的(de)“清潔能(neng)源走廊”。
當前,世界正處在(zai)從化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源向新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源過渡的第三次能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型中,技術變(bian)革將為能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源產(chan)業發展趨勢帶來哪些重(zhong)要影響?一起關注《人(ren)民論(lun)壇》獨家文章。
技術創新如何影響綠色能源發展?
“綠(lv)色能源(yuan)(yuan)”這一詞匯是(shi)伴隨(sui)著氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)變化和環境保護而(er)逐漸(jian)成(cheng)為關注(zhu)的(de)焦(jiao)點,在學(xue)(xue)術上并(bing)無(wu)明確的(de)科學(xue)(xue)界(jie)定(ding),更多是(shi)作(zuo)為一種(zhong)表達(da)政(zheng)(zheng)治政(zheng)(zheng)策的(de)話語(yu)(yu)而(er)出現在政(zheng)(zheng)府和企(qi)業的(de)規劃報告、媒體的(de)新(xin)聞報道中,與“綠(lv)色新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)”“綠(lv)色發展(zhan)”“綠(lv)色經濟”等(deng)相呼(hu)應(ying)。從自然科學(xue)(xue)話語(yu)(yu)視角來看,能源(yuan)(yuan)本(ben)身(shen)并(bing)無(wu)黑色能源(yuan)(yuan)、綠(lv)色能源(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)色彩(cai)之分,主(zhu)要是(shi)因(yin)人(ren)類生產消費能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)方式(shi)不同而(er)導致的(de)外(wai)部性效果不同。全球環境政(zheng)(zheng)治興起后,煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)被冠以“黑煤(mei)(mei)(mei)”的(de)身(shen)份(fen)(fen),成(cheng)為污染的(de)代名詞,盡管經過幾十年的(de)清(qing)潔化技術創新(xin),煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)的(de)高碳(tan)排放依(yi)然讓煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電站(zhan)成(cheng)為國(guo)際氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)合作(zuo)中極力限(xian)制的(de)對象。未(wei)來,當(dang)二(er)氧化碳(tan)捕集(ji)、利用與封(feng)存(cun)(CCUS)技術實現大規模商業應(ying)用時,煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭(tan)利用不再污染環境,也就(jiu)可以擺脫“黑煤(mei)(mei)(mei)”身(shen)份(fen)(fen)。
與(yu)綠(lv)色能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源概念相近(jin)的(de)(de)是(shi)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源、低碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源和可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源。本(ben)文中的(de)(de)綠(lv)色能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源主要指在(zai)現有技(ji)術(shu)條件下可大規模商業開發的(de)(de)、對環境友好的(de)(de)、可持(chi)續的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源資源,主要包括太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、海洋能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、地熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綠(lv)氫等。核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)一種(zhong)頗具爭議(yi)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源,相對傳統能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源,核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)一種(zhong)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源,能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠提供(gong)穩定可靠低碳的(de)(de)電力供(gong)應,但以核(he)裂變(bian)方式運行的(de)(de)核(he)電站會產(chan)生(sheng)高放射性廢(fei)料,存在(zai)安全(quan)隱患,而(er)核(he)聚變(bian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)唯(wei)一廢(fei)料氦(hai)氣不(bu)具有放射性,被視為人類未(wei)來(lai)的(de)(de)“終極(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源”,本(ben)文將核(he)聚變(bian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源也視為綠(lv)色能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源。
綠色(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)是未來能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢,迎合了第三(san)次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型的(de)低(di)碳化和(he)清潔化需(xu)求。同時,第三(san)次(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)型帶動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)特別是電力的(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與互聯(lian),給綠色(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)提出了更多的(de)技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)要求,而正是因為綠色(se)(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)持(chi)續(xu)技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)的(de)累積效(xiao)應,使得全球(qiu)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結(jie)構向(xiang)著更為低(di)碳、清潔的(de)方向(xiang)發(fa)展(zhan)。
太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一個例證。1905年(nian)(nian)(nian)愛因斯坦發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)光(guang)電(dian)效應,1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)美(mei)國貝爾實驗(yan)室(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)實驗(yan)裝備驗(yan)證了(le)光(guang)電(dian)效應,1973年(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)陽能技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)得以商業化(hua),現(xian)(xian)代太(tai)陽能工(gong)業開(kai)啟(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)步伐,20世(shi)紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代德國逐(zhu)漸形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)昂(ang)貴的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽能市場,21世(shi)紀(ji)初(chu)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)得到巨額(e)投資,中(zhong)國光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)板制造商開(kai)始(shi)快速增(zeng)加,太(tai)陽能電(dian)池板效率開(kai)始(shi)大(da)幅提高(gao),電(dian)池板的(de)(de)(de)價格大(da)幅下降(jiang),2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)已經低于(yu)傳統(tong)燃(ran)煤發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)。太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)完成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)“發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)→發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)→技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)商業化(hua)→規模擴散”全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程。需要說明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),本(ben)文中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)(shi)指創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程,包括“研究與開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)→新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)與發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)(新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品、新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝)→商業化(hua)→創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)擴散”的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程。技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)革新(xin)(xin)(xin)與技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)突破都屬(shu)于(yu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin),前者是(shi)(shi)漸進的(de)(de)(de)、后者是(shi)(shi)突變的(de)(de)(de)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球太(tai)陽能發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)壯大(da),既有技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)幅下降(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)因素(su),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球產(chan)業政策體系推動的(de)(de)(de)結果。2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)球太(tai)陽能光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)已超過(guo)1000TWh,相較于(yu)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)32.2TWh,實現(xian)(xian)了(le)31倍的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長。光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)正在成(cheng)(cheng)為世(shi)界上(shang)大(da)部分(fen)地區新(xin)(xin)(xin)增(zeng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)最低的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)方式(shi)之一,預計(ji)這將推動未(wei)來幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)投資。
風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)產業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)也(ye)提供了(le)(le)例證。人(ren)類利用(yong)風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史久遠(yuan),20世紀70年代現(xian)(xian)代風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)產業開始出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian),并于(yu)(yu)21世紀初得到迅速增長。推動風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)增長的(de)(de)(de)因素首(shou)先是(shi)技(ji)術創(chuang)新(xin),越來越高的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)塔、更加智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)控制系統和(he)更精準有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)裝機(ji)與天(tian)氣(qi)預測模型,反映(ying)出(chu)(chu)持續的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)技(ji)術創(chuang)新(xin)。如太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)一(yi)樣,全球產業政策體系在(zai)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)產業發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮了(le)(le)較大的(de)(de)(de)推動作用(yong)。2021年全球風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)已超過1870TWh,相較于(yu)(yu)2010年的(de)(de)(de)342.7TWh,實現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)5.5倍的(de)(de)(de)增長,風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)領先于(yu)(yu)其(qi)它(ta)非水(shui)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源,2021年發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)幾乎是(shi)所有(you)其(qi)他可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)總和(he)。
技術創新和(he)商業規模化等多種(zhong)因素促(cu)使(shi)綠(lv)色(se)能源發電(dian)效率提升、成本(ben)(ben)下(xia)降、裝機量(liang)快(kuai)速(su)增加(jia),使(shi)得第三次(ci)世界(jie)能源低(di)(di)碳清潔轉型的趨勢更加(jia)明顯(xian)。當(dang)前(qian)多種(zhong)綠(lv)色(se)能源發電(dian)的度(du)電(dian)成本(ben)(ben)已經低(di)(di)于燃(ran)煤發電(dian)。根據(ju)中金公司(si)發布的研究(jiu)報告,核電(dian)、光伏、風電(dian)、水電(dian)度(du)電(dian)成本(ben)(ben)較燃(ran)煤發電(dian)分別低(di)(di)5%、17%、25%和(he)34%。2010年(nian)—2020年(nian)間光伏發電(dian)成本(ben)(ben)下(xia)降89%,受益(yi)于規模效應、新材(cai)料替(ti)換和(he)效率提升,未來10年(nian)成本(ben)(ben)有望(wang)再縮減(jian)一半(ban),到2060年(nian),光伏發電(dian)成本(ben)(ben)有望(wang)降至(zhi)較火電(dian)低(di)(di)68%,成為最(zui)便宜的綠(lv)色(se)電(dian)源。
能源轉型成功的關鍵是什么?
建立以儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為核心的(de)(de)多種綠色能(neng)(neng)(neng)源互(hu)補體系是(shi)第三次世界(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)發展方向(xiang),儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、綠色能(neng)(neng)(neng)源、能(neng)(neng)(neng)源智能(neng)(neng)(neng)網等領(ling)域的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)突(tu)破(po)將是(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源轉型(xing)(xing)成功的(de)(de)關鍵,先進(jin)核能(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、CCUS技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)創新(xin)將帶來長期收益,而可(ke)控核聚變的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)突(tu)破(po)與商業化將引發新(xin)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源革命。
就(jiu)當前技術(shu)創新和(he)商業(ye)化水平(ping)(ping)而言,太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)全球裝機最多(duo)也是(shi)前景最好的(de)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan),但是(shi)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)因(yin)受自(zi)然條件影響存(cun)在(zai)產能(neng)(neng)(neng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)動(dong)大、隨機性(xing)(xing)(xing)高(gao)的(de)特點,屬于間歇(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構中(zhong)間歇(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)份額(e)的(de)增加(jia),會對(dui)電(dian)網(wang)穩定平(ping)(ping)衡性(xing)(xing)(xing)造成(cheng)巨大壓力,給間歇(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)價帶(dai)來波(bo)(bo)(bo)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing),同(tong)時(shi)也容易造成(cheng)大量的(de)棄(qi)光、棄(qi)風(feng)現象(xiang)。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)是(shi)解決綠(lv)(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)有效利(li)用的(de)關鍵,可(ke)作為(wei)電(dian)網(wang)與供熱系統(tong)、燃(ran)氣(qi)網(wang)絡(luo)、電(dian)氣(qi)化交(jiao)通網(wang)等(deng)的(de)連接橋梁,對(dui)改善間歇(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)波(bo)(bo)(bo)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)實現電(dian)力供需(xu)的(de)一致性(xing)(xing)(xing)非常(chang)重要。在(zai)未來的(de)低碳能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)中(zhong),綠(lv)(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)多(duo)種(zhong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)組合(he),將會成(cheng)為(wei)最具經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)解決方案(an)。因(yin)此(ci),在(zai)未來的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)開發中(zhong),技術(shu)創新的(de)主要目標是(shi)實現綠(lv)(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供給端(duan)、儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)端(duan)的(de)降本增效和(he)靈(ling)活(huo)可(ke)靠(kao),發展以儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)為(wei)核心的(de)多(duo)種(zhong)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互補(bu)體系。
儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與物理(li)(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)包括(kuo)(kuo)液流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鉛炭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉基電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng),具有位置環(huan)境(jing)不受限的(de)(de)(de)靈活優(you)勢(shi),在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)均可進行規模化應用,更(geng)有利于(yu)綠(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)消納。物理(li)(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)包括(kuo)(kuo)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)熱(re),儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有抽(chou)水(shui)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、壓縮(suo)空(kong)氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng),相(xiang)較于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu),物理(li)(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)具有規模大、成本(ben)低、壽命長、環(huan)保等(deng)特點(dian),但較易受位置與環(huan)境(jing)限制。從技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)特點(dian)和(he)當前發(fa)展來看,物理(li)(li)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)適合于(yu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng),化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)多應用于(yu)交通領域,尤(you)其(qi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)需求。綠(lv)色(se)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)組合對傳統發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)形成越來越強的(de)(de)(de)競爭,競爭結果主要取(qu)決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,同時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)回收與處理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)也會(hui)影響這(zhe)一組合的(de)(de)(de)未來發(fa)展。當前在地緣(yuan)政治(zhi)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源安全(quan)考(kao)量增加的(de)(de)(de)形勢(shi)下,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為(wei)礦物密集能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源,鋰(li)、鎳、錳(meng)、鈷、稀土等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)原料的(de)(de)(de)獲取(qu)也會(hui)影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)創新和(he)產(chan)業發(fa)展。2023年(nian)(nian)4月,中(zhong)關村儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)聯(lian)盟發(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)《儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業研究白皮書2023》顯示,截至2022年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底,全(quan)球已投(tou)運電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)項目累計(ji)(ji)(ji)裝機規模237.2GW,其(qi)中(zhong)抽(chou)水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)累計(ji)(ji)(ji)裝機規模占(zhan)比為(wei)79.3%,鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在新型儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)累計(ji)(ji)(ji)裝機占(zhan)比為(wei)94.4%。
氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)一種新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式,具有(you)(you)調節(jie)周期長(chang)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢,在(zai)(zai)促進可(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源消納(na)、電(dian)網調峰等(deng)(deng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景中(zhong)潛(qian)力巨大(da)。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)是(shi)宇宙(zhou)中(zhong)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)為(wei)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元素,也是(shi)普通燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)最(zui)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)色能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源之(zhi)一,綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)因其綠(lv)(lv)色高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點而被(bei)稱為(wei)21世(shi)(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“終極(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源”。然(ran)而因為(wei)技(ji)術創新(xin)少和(he)(he)成(cheng)本(ben)較高(gao)等(deng)(deng)原因,氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)一直有(you)(you)限。在(zai)(zai)全(quan)球氣候加速變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)境下,氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)逐漸被(bei)視為(wei)實(shi)(shi)現碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)(he)目(mu)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)全(quan)鏈條包括(kuo)上(shang)、中(zhong)、下游。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)游為(wei)制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),目(mu)前世(shi)(shi)界上(shang)多數氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氣來自對(dui)化(hua)石(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong),屬于(yu)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“灰氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”,在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)一制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)過(guo)程中(zhong)采用(yong)碳(tan)捕集和(he)(he)封存(cun)(CCS)技(ji)術可(ke)(ke)(ke)使“灰氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”脫碳(tan)后變成(cheng)“藍氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想狀態(tai)(tai)是(shi)“綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”,即利(li)用(yong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源通過(guo)電(dian)解(jie)水制氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。目(mu)前世(shi)(shi)界大(da)部分(fen)地區生產(chan)“藍氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)(di)于(yu)“綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”。隨著(zhu)技(ji)術和(he)(he)制造(zao)效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),可(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源和(he)(he)電(dian)解(jie)槽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)將降低(di)(di),這(zhe)種成(cheng)本(ben)差異在(zai)(zai)未(wei)來會進一步縮小(xiao)。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)游為(wei)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)儲(chu)運(yun),有(you)(you)氣態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)、液氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)等(deng)(deng)儲(chu)運(yun)方式。高(gao)壓氣態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)儲(chu)運(yun)技(ji)術已商業(ye)(ye)化(hua),具有(you)(you)體量(liang)(liang)小(xiao)、距離短(duan)和(he)(he)靈活性(xing)高(gao)等(deng)(deng)特(te)征。液氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度(du)極(ji)高(gao),運(yun)輸便捷,是(shi)未(wei)來實(shi)(shi)現大(da)規(gui)模(mo)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)儲(chu)運(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向。盡管當前液氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)固(gu)態(tai)(tai)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)儲(chu)運(yun)技(ji)術有(you)(you)了(le)較大(da)進步,但儲(chu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)密度(du)、安全(quan)性(xing)和(he)(he)成(cheng)本(ben)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平衡關系尚(shang)未(wei)解(jie)決,離大(da)規(gui)模(mo)商業(ye)(ye)化(hua)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)還(huan)有(you)(you)距離。氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下游為(wei)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong),氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)既可(ke)(ke)(ke)以替代天然(ran)氣作為(wei)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)取暖燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao),又可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為(wei)重型卡車和(he)(he)輪船(chuan)提供能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源,還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以通過(guo)“綠(lv)(lv)電(dian)→氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)→電(dian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)方式成(cheng)為(wei)新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)手段。英國石(shi)油(you)公司(BP)預測,2030年全(quan)球對(dui)低(di)(di)碳(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(藍氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)和(he)(he)綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)在(zai)(zai)30Mtpa—50Mtpa之(zhi)間,2030年—2050年間全(quan)球對(dui)低(di)(di)碳(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)將增長(chang)10倍,大(da)約為(wei)300Mtpa—460Mtpa。2030年全(quan)球綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)占低(di)(di)碳(tan)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60%左(zuo)右(you),2050年將增加到65%左(zuo)右(you)。“藍氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”作為(wei)“綠(lv)(lv)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要補充(chong)提供其余大(da)部分(fen)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。
儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)前(qian)景可(ke)以從專(zhuan)利(li)(li)申(shen)(shen)請中(zhong)看(kan)到趨勢(shi)。以專(zhuan)利(li)(li)合作條約(PCT)形式(shi)提出的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際申(shen)(shen)請具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)價值和(he)(he)地(di)位,代表(biao)著技(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)最新(xin)成果,也是未來(lai)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)風向標。從2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間專(zhuan)利(li)(li)申(shen)(shen)請看(kan),儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)、氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)、燃料(liao)電池、智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電網等位居綠色(se)技(ji)術(shu)PCT專(zhuan)利(li)(li)申(shen)(shen)請前(qian)列,并在近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)呈現逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增加趨勢(shi),預計未來(lai)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)將(jiang)成為能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域競爭的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)技(ji)術(shu)。可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電領域的(de)(de)(de)PCT專(zhuan)利(li)(li)申(shen)(shen)請量在2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到頂峰后,開始出現逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)下降趨勢(shi)。
在(zai)所有能(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)創新(xin)(xin)前景(jing)中(zhong),核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)突破(po)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)引發(fa)劇(ju)烈(lie)的(de)(de)沖(chong)擊效應。核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)使用(yong)氘(dao)和氚(chuan),反應后(hou)產生的(de)(de)氦氣不具有放射性(xing),氘(dao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)從海水中(zhong)提取,一(yi)升海水中(zhong)的(de)(de)氘(dao)聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)釋(shi)放能(neng)(neng)量(liang)達(da)到(dao)300升汽油(you)燃燒當量(liang)。人(ren)類從1952年(nian)(nian)第一(yi)顆氫彈爆炸后(hou)就開始(shi)了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)研究(jiu),此(ci)后(hou)發(fa)明了(le)(le)托卡馬(ma)克裝置,2007年(nian)(nian)成立了(le)(le)國(guo)際熱(re)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)堆組織(ITER),2021年(nian)(nian)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo),全超導托卡馬(ma)克核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)裝置(EAST)成功實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)重復的(de)(de)1.2億(yi)攝(she)氏(shi)度101秒和1.6億(yi)攝(she)氏(shi)度20秒等離(li)子體運行(xing),2022年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)一(yi)代“人(ren)造太陽(yang)”(HL-2M)裝置等離(li)子體電流突破(po)100萬安(an)培(pei)(1兆安(an)),同年(nian)(nian)美國(guo)科研人(ren)員在(zai)勞倫斯(si)利(li)弗莫爾國(guo)家實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室“國(guo)家點(dian)燃實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)設施”進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)歷史上首次可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan),實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)凈能(neng)(neng)量(liang)增益的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)突破(po)。經(jing)過幾十年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)研究(jiu),全球可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新(xin)(xin)已取得長(chang)足進(jin)步,私人(ren)資本大舉進(jin)入(ru)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)領域,但真正商業(ye)化運行(xing)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)還需要幾十年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)努力。可(ke)(ke)以(yi)預(yu)見的(de)(de)是,一(yi)旦(dan)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)(kong)核聚(ju)變(bian)(bian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)突破(po)和大規模商業(ye)化,人(ren)類現(xian)(xian)有的(de)(de)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)結構(gou)將會發(fa)生顛覆性(xing)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化。
自工(gong)業(ye)革命以(yi)來,全(quan)球化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用量隨(sui)著GDP的(de)(de)(de)增長而增長,幾(ji)(ji)十年(nian)來化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料在全(quan)球能(neng)源(yuan)結(jie)構中(zhong)占比一直高居80%,即(ji)使(shi)到2050年(nian)仍將略高于60%。全(quan)球與能(neng)源(yuan)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)排(pai)放量將在2025年(nian)達到370億噸的(de)(de)(de)峰值,到2050年(nian)回落(luo)到320億噸。在這一過程中(zhong),CCUS技(ji)術(shu)將發(fa)揮(hui)重(zhong)要作用。CCUS技(ji)術(shu)是指可(ke)以(yi)在實現全(quan)球能(neng)源(yuan)和氣候目標方面發(fa)揮(hui)重(zhong)要和多樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)作用的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu),該(gai)技(ji)術(shu)通過化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學吸附、物理分離等技(ji)術(shu),從使(shi)用化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)或(huo)生物質燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型發(fa)電或(huo)工(gong)業(ye)設施(shi)捕(bu)獲(huo)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan),也可(ke)以(yi)直接從大(da)(da)氣中(zhong)捕(bu)獲(huo)。捕(bu)獲(huo)的(de)(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)將通過管道、船舶、鐵路或(huo)卡車進(jin)行壓縮和運(yun)輸,以(yi)待后(hou)續應用,或(huo)注入(ru)深層地質構造(zao)(包括枯竭的(de)(de)(de)油氣藏或(huo)鹽化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)層)永久(jiu)儲存。目前,全(quan)球的(de)(de)(de)CCUS設施(shi)每年(nian)可(ke)以(yi)捕(bu)獲(huo)超過40Mt的(de)(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)。CCUS的(de)(de)(de)貢獻將隨(sui)著時間的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)移而增長,并擴展到全(quan)球能(neng)源(yuan)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)所(suo)有部分。
能源產業發展趨勢前瞻
技(ji)術對能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)具(ju)(ju)有關(guan)鍵性影響,具(ju)(ju)體(ti)到能源(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)還需要考量資源(yuan)(yuan)、人口(kou)、氣候、環境(jing)、政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)與經濟(ji)(ji)等其它因素。具(ju)(ju)體(ti)而言,資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)蘊藏和經濟(ji)(ji)可采、人口(kou)對能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)需求(qiu)與偏好、環境(jing)對能源(yuan)(yuan)活動(dong)的(de)容(rong)納度、政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)訴求(qiu)與政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)體(ti)系、經濟(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)水平與趨勢等,都對能源(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)施加各種(zhong)影響。技(ji)術創新主(zhu)要是圍繞上述需求(qiu)而開展(zhan)(zhan),并(bing)通(tong)過技(ji)術擴散發揮作用。
▲從(cong)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與環(huan)境角度來(lai)看(kan),化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)再生,只會(hui)逐漸減(jian)少。歷史(shi)上屢次出(chu)現的“石(shi)(shi)油峰值論”就是對(dui)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)枯(ku)竭的擔憂(you)。圍繞化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的技術創新時間最長、底蘊最厚、成(cheng)果(guo)最多,但依然(ran)擺脫(tuo)不(bu)了(le)(le)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)終會(hui)枯(ku)竭的命運,盡管頁巖氣(油)革(ge)命延緩了(le)(le)這(zhe)一進程。化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)使(shi)用過程中會(hui)排(pai)放大量的二氧化(hua)碳,這(zhe)也被(bei)認為是造(zao)成(cheng)當今(jin)氣候變化(hua)的罪魁禍(huo)首。人類對(dui)石(shi)(shi)油的擔憂(you)由原(yuan)來(lai)的供應峰值變成(cheng)了(le)(le)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)峰值——對(dui)石(shi)(shi)油的消費何時才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)達峰?枯(ku)竭趨(qu)勢和高碳排(pai)放促使(shi)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)終將(jiang)從(cong)主導(dao)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地位退下,被(bei)迅速崛起的可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)替代(dai)。可(ke)(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)擁有契合當今(jin)世界能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)的多種(zhong)優勢:不(bu)會(hui)枯(ku)竭、清(qing)潔、低碳等,將(jiang)會(hui)成(cheng)為未來(lai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構(gou)中的主導(dao)力量。
IEA預測,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“現行政策情景”中(zhong),化石燃(ran)料在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)(quan)球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)從目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%下降至(zhi)2050年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60%。煤炭(tan)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未來(lai)幾年(nian)(nian)(nian)內(nei)達峰,石油需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)21世紀30年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期(qi)達峰,天然氣(qi)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)增(zeng)加約5%,隨后將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)趨于(yu)穩定。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)“已公(gong)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)承諾情景”中(zhong),電(dian)(dian)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消費中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)從2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)20%上升到(dao)2050年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)39%,可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)從2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)28%上升至(zhi)2050年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%,化石燃(ran)料發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量占比(bi)則(ze)從2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)62%下降至(zhi)2050年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)26%。IEA預測,未來(lai)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)太陽能(neng)(neng)光伏產能(neng)(neng)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加,2026年(nian)(nian)(nian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)超過天然氣(qi),2027年(nian)(nian)(nian)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)超過煤炭(tan),成為全(quan)(quan)球最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。
可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)為世(shi)界能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)清潔低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型帶來(lai)了(le)機遇,但隨著(zhu)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占(zhan)比提高,“可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)+儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組合對儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原料來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)提出了(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑(tiao)戰,未來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦產需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)量和價(jia)格將(jiang)會(hui)迅速增(zeng)長。電(dian)(dian)池中鋰(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用推動了(le)鋰(li)(li)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長,到2040年鋰(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)將(jiang)增(zeng)長25倍(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)60倍(bei)(bei)(bei),其中電(dian)(dian)池用途占(zhan)鋰(li)(li)總需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)85%—95%。鎳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)也(ye)將(jiang)增(zeng)長2.5倍(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)4倍(bei)(bei)(bei),其中65%—80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)池使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)。全(quan)球關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)礦石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布集中于(yu)少數幾個國(guo)(guo)家,有些礦石(shi)僅分布在兩三(san)個國(guo)(guo)家,擁有電(dian)(dian)池礦物豐富(fu)儲(chu)藏或生(sheng)(sheng)產加(jia)工技術能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家和企業未來(lai)將(jiang)顯著(zhu)獲(huo)益,而大國(guo)(guo)對關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)礦產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭博弈和生(sheng)(sheng)產國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)(yuan)民(min)族主義行為有可能(neng)(neng)(neng)進一(yi)步(bu)加(jia)劇供需(xu)失衡,綠色(se)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)金屬供應鏈成為能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)地緣(yuan)政治關(guan)(guan)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焦點。全(quan)球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)加(jia)速轉(zhuan)型導(dao)致綠色(se)關(guan)(guan)鍵(jian)(jian)金屬需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)長期持(chi)續上(shang)升(sheng),礦產資源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家將(jiang)會(hui)獲(huo)得更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)權力(li)。
▲世界能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)需(xu)求(qiu)增(zeng)長還受到(dao)(dao)人(ren)口(kou)和(he)經濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。伴隨著(zhu)全(quan)球人(ren)口(kou)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)和(he)經濟(ji)(ji)進步,能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費需(xu)求(qiu)持續增(zeng)長,能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)質量偏好增(zeng)多。聯合國(guo)(guo)統計數(shu)據顯示(shi),截至2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue),全(quan)球人(ren)口(kou)已(yi)達(da)(da)80億(yi),自2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)以來(lai)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)了10億(yi),自1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)以來(lai)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)了20億(yi)。預計到(dao)(dao)2050年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)球人(ren)口(kou)將(jiang)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)至97億(yi),并可(ke)能(neng)(neng)在21世紀80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代中期達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)近(jin)104億(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰值。人(ren)口(kou)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)、城市化步伐(fa)加(jia)(jia)(jia)快及(ji)經濟(ji)(ji)增(zeng)長為(wei)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產提供了持續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力。根(gen)據BP能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)數(shu)據庫公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據,經計算所(suo)得,全(quan)球一次(ci)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消費從2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)396.88艾(ai)焦耳上升(sheng)到(dao)(dao)2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)595.15艾(ai)焦耳,增(zeng)長近(jin)1.5倍。此(ci)外,經濟(ji)(ji)發展程度(du)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用和(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型有(you)著(zhu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du)和(he)意義。發展中國(guo)(guo)家(jia)在討論能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型方案時往(wang)往(wang)低估面(mian)臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰(zhan)和(he)困難(nan),一些發展必(bi)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)卻被發達(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)認為(wei)是(shi)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。經濟(ji)(ji)發展程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不一致影響了發展中國(guo)(guo)家(jia)與發達(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)之間(jian)開(kai)展氣候國(guo)(guo)際(ji)合作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)效,能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉型變(bian)成(cheng)了發展權(quan)之爭。
▲隨著極端天氣增加(jia),氣候變化(hua)已成為全(quan)球(qiu)各國政府的核(he)心議題(ti)之一。目前(qian)聯合國應(ying)對氣候變化(hua)的政策(ce)框架(jia)主(zhu)要(yao)表現為實施碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和行動計(ji)劃。截(jie)至(zhi)目前(qian),全(quan)球(qiu)超過(guo)130個國家和地(di)區(qu)提(ti)出(chu)了凈零排(pai)放或碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和的目標。在全(quan)球(qiu)氣候變化(hua)與(yu)碳(tan)(tan)中(zhong)和的結構性(xing)壓力下,各國政府既要(yao)努(nu)力實現零碳(tan)(tan)目標,又要(yao)考慮本(ben)國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安(an)全(quan)和經(jing)濟發展韌性(xing)。因(yin)此(ci),在設(she)計(ji)制(zhi)定(ding)本(ben)國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)政策(ce)時,核(he)心是加(jia)快推(tui)進能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉型(xing),實現碳(tan)(tan)減(jian)排(pai)目標,包括提(ti)升可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占比,提(ti)高能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用效率,建設(she)新核(he)電機組,推(tui)進CCUS技術(shu)的部署(shu)等。除(chu)了增加(jia)公共資金投(tou)入(ru)外,政府還需制(zhi)定(ding)政策(ce),鼓勵民間資本(ben)參與(yu)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域。IEA指出(chu),預計(ji)到2030年清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)投(tou)資將從(cong)2021年的1.3萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)上升至(zhi)2萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)元(yuan),但是如果要(yao)實現2050年凈零排(pai)放目標,這一投(tou)資額到2030年需達到4萬(wan)億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)元(yuan)。
一些發達經濟體為(wei)未來十年新制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)政策目標(biao)和政府計劃(hua),為(wei)加(jia)(jia)速(su)清潔能(neng)源發展(zhan)奠定(ding)了(le)基調(diao),比(bi)如,美國出(chu)臺的(de)《通脹削減法(fa)案》、歐(ou)盟(meng)發布的(de)重新賦(fu)能(neng)歐(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)計劃(hua)、澳大(da)利亞出(chu)臺的(de)氣(qi)候變(bian)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)案等。歐(ou)盟(meng)發布的(de)重新賦(fu)能(neng)歐(ou)洲(zhou)(zhou)計劃(hua)以保障歐(ou)盟(meng)能(neng)源安全(quan)為(wei)核(he)心,通過節能(neng)、能(neng)源進口多樣化(hua)(hua)和加(jia)(jia)速(su)清潔能(neng)源轉(zhuan)型(xing)以提升(sheng)能(neng)源系統抗風險能(neng)力。同時(shi),歐(ou)盟(meng)允許(xu)成(cheng)員國在能(neng)源轉(zhuan)型(xing)前可以適度的(de)增加(jia)(jia)化(hua)(hua)石能(neng)源供給,以更好保障能(neng)源安全(quan)。
▲對能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)而(er)言,技(ji)(ji)術(shu)雖然不是決(jue)定性因(yin)素,但卻是最(zui)為重要(yao)的(de)(de)因(yin)素。人口和(he)(he)(he)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長需(xu)要(yao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)來開(kai)發(fa)、生(sheng)產更多的(de)(de)資源(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan),資源(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)遭遇環境壓(ya)力也需(xu)要(yao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)新來實(shi)現(xian)(xian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用方式的(de)(de)轉型(xing),而(er)政治訴求和(he)(he)(he)政策設計又極力促進技(ji)(ji)術(shu)擴散和(he)(he)(he)大規模商(shang)業(ye)(ye)化。在全球實(shi)現(xian)(xian)碳(tan)中和(he)(he)(he)目標的(de)(de)結(jie)構性壓(ya)力下,國家(jia)和(he)(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)都承(cheng)擔著推(tui)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)清潔(jie)化轉型(xing)、提升能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)安(an)全和(he)(he)(he)韌性發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)任務,利用好既(ji)有優(you)勢因(yin)素,發(fa)揮技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創(chuang)新的(de)(de)催(cui)化和(he)(he)(he)倍增(zeng)效應,將影響國家(jia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)前景,也決(jue)定了國家(jia)和(he)(he)(he)企業(ye)(ye)在未來能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)產業(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)地位與權(quan)力。