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兩部制電價促能源綠色轉型

2023-11-14 163

國家發(fa)展改革(ge)委、國家能源局(ju)近(jin)日聯合印發(fa)《關于建立煤電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制(zhi)的通知》,決定(ding)將現行煤電(dian)(dian)單一制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)調整(zheng)(zheng)為兩部制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)。根據(ju)《通知》,電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過市場化方式(shi)形成,靈(ling)敏反映電(dian)(dian)力市場供需、燃(ran)料成本變化等情況;容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)平(ping)根據(ju)轉(zhuan)型進度等實際情況合理確定(ding)并逐(zhu)步調整(zheng)(zheng),充(chong)分體(ti)現煤電(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的支撐調節價(jia)值,更好保障電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)安全(quan)運行,為承載更大規模的新能源發(fa)展奠定(ding)堅(jian)實基礎。

  

  更好保障電力安全穩定(ding)供(gong)應

  

  為(wei)何要(yao)建立煤(mei)電(dian)容量電(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制?據了(le)解(jie),煤(mei)電(dian)經營成本(ben)包括折(zhe)舊費、人(ren)工費、修理費、財務費等固定成本(ben)和(he)燃(ran)煤(mei)等變(bian)動成本(ben)。目(mu)前,我國對煤(mei)電(dian)實行單(dan)一(yi)制電(dian)價(jia)(jia),即煤(mei)電(dian)只(zhi)有發電(dian)才能回(hui)收成本(ben)。電(dian)力(li)市場成熟國家通常實行兩(liang)部(bu)制電(dian)價(jia)(jia),即容量電(dian)價(jia)(jia)主(zhu)要(yao)回(hui)收機(ji)組(zu)固定成本(ben)、電(dian)量電(dian)價(jia)(jia)主(zhu)要(yao)回(hui)收變(bian)動成本(ben)。

  

  “建立煤電容量電價機制、對煤電實(shi)行兩部制電價政(zheng)策,既是近年來我國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快(kuai)速發展的現實(shi)需要,也是推動新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)加快(kuai)發展和能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)綠色低(di)碳轉型的必然要求。”國(guo)家發展改革(ge)委有關負責同志表示。

  

  一方面(mian),國內(nei)新(xin)能源(yuan)快(kuai)速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),迫切需(xu)要煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)更好(hao)發(fa)揮基礎性支撐(cheng)調節作用。由于新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)具有間歇性和波動性,客觀上(shang)需(xu)要更多的(de)調節性資源(yuan),為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統提供更加充(chong)裕的(de)調節能力。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)我國最重(zhong)(zhong)要、成本(ben)較低的(de)支撐(cheng)調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan),推動煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加快(kuai)向(xiang)提供容量支撐(cheng)保障(zhang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)量并重(zhong)(zhong)轉(zhuan)型,平常時(shi)段為新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)讓出空間、高峰時(shi)段繼續頂(ding)峰出力,對促進新(xin)能源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)具有重(zhong)(zhong)要意(yi)義。

  

  另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,在現(xian)行單(dan)一(yi)(yi)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)體系下,煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)只有發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)才能回(hui)收成本(ben)并(bing)獲得回(hui)報。隨著煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變經營模(mo)式,煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)越來越多時間“備而不用”,通過單(dan)一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)難以完(wan)全(quan)回(hui)收成本(ben),近(jin)年來出現(xian)行業(ye)預期不穩(wen)等現(xian)象,長期下去(qu)可能會影(ying)響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安全(quan)運行,并(bing)導致新(xin)能源(yuan)利用率下降。建立煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制,回(hui)收部(bu)(bu)分(fen)或全(quan)部(bu)(bu)固(gu)定成本(ben),從(cong)而穩(wen)定煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)預期,是保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統安全(quan)運行、更好促進能源(yuan)綠色低碳轉型的必(bi)然(ran)要求。

  

  華能集(ji)團能源研究(jiu)院系(xi)統(tong)研究(jiu)部(bu)主(zhu)任陳(chen)大宇表示,煤電(dian)(dian)作為我(wo)國(guo)絕(jue)大部(bu)分有效容量(liang)的(de)唯一(yi)可行(xing)(xing)來(lai)源,建(jian)(jian)立(li)健全覆(fu)蓋絕(jue)大部(bu)分有效容量(liang)的(de)完整價(jia)格(ge)形成(cheng)機制,對填補我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場體系(xi)建(jian)(jian)設空白(bai)具有積極作用。同時,將原有的(de)電(dian)(dian)能價(jia)格(ge)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)細分,能夠(gou)推(tui)動新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)新(xin)業態(tai)、新(xin)技(ji)術發展。

  

  中國宏觀經濟(ji)研(yan)究院市(shi)場(chang)與價(jia)(jia)格研(yan)究所(suo)研(yan)究員楊娟表示,建(jian)立煤電(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制(zhi),有利于推動(dong)煤電(dian)(dian)向基礎保障性和系統調節性電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)并重為主轉(zhuan)型(xing),促(cu)進新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力系統和與之相適(shi)應(ying)的電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)建(jian)設(she),更好發揮價(jia)(jia)格信號作用,推動(dong)能源(yuan)綠(lv)色低(di)碳轉(zhuan)型(xing),助力“雙碳”目標實現。

  

  適(shi)用合規在(zai)運公用煤電機組

  

  《通知》圍繞建立(li)煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價機制,創新提出(chu)了一攬子政策(ce)措(cuo)施,主要包括“四個明確(que)”。

  

  一(yi)是明確(que)政策實施范圍。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)適用(yong)于合規在運的(de)(de)公用(yong)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組。燃(ran)煤(mei)(mei)自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、不符合國家(jia)規劃的(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組以(yi)及不滿足國家(jia)對于能耗、環保和靈(ling)活(huo)調節能力等要求的(de)(de)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組,不執(zhi)行容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價機制(zhi)。

  

  二是明確容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水(shui)平。煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)按照回(hui)收(shou)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)比(bi)例固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)(ben)方(fang)式確定(ding)(ding)。其中,用于(yu)計算容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)(ben)實(shi)行全國統(tong)一(yi)標準,為每年(nian)(nian)每千(qian)瓦330元(yuan)。綜合考慮各地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)需(xu)要、煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能轉型情況(kuang)等因素(su),2024年(nian)(nian)至2025年(nian)(nian),多數地(di)(di)方(fang)通(tong)過容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回(hui)收(shou)固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)(ben)比(bi)例為30%左(zuo)右,即(ji)每年(nian)(nian)每千(qian)瓦100元(yuan),部分煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能轉型較快的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)適當高一(yi)些;2026年(nian)(nian)起,各地(di)(di)通(tong)過容(rong)(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)回(hui)收(shou)固定(ding)(ding)成本(ben)(ben)比(bi)例提(ti)升至不(bu)低(di)于(yu)50%,即(ji)每年(nian)(nian)每千(qian)瓦165元(yuan)。

  

  “此次建立容量電價機制采取了明(ming)確(que)預期(qi)、逐步(bu)提(ti)高的方(fang)式,既釋(shi)放(fang)清晰明(ming)確(que)的信(xin)號,穩(wen)定煤電行業(ye)預期(qi)、讓(rang)企業(ye)吃下(xia)‘定心丸’,又有(you)利于凝(ning)聚各方(fang)共識,確(que)保機制平穩(wen)實施(shi)。”國家發展(zhan)改革委上述負責(ze)同志表(biao)示。

  

  三(san)是明確容量電(dian)費分(fen)攤機(ji)制。各(ge)地煤電(dian)容量電(dian)費納入(ru)系統運行費用,每月(yue)由工商(shang)業用戶按當月(yue)用電(dian)量比例分(fen)攤。

  

  四是明確容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)考核機(ji)制。煤電機(ji)組(zu)如果無法按(an)照調度指令(ling)提供所申(shen)報的最大出力(li),按(an)照發生次(ci)數扣減容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei);多次(ci)發生出力(li)未達(da)標(biao)、被(bei)扣減容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)的,取消其獲取容(rong)量電費(fei)(fei)的資格。

  

  終端(duan)用電成本有(you)望穩中略降(jiang)

  

  此次出臺(tai)的新政策不(bu)涉及居民(min)和農業(ye)用戶,仍執(zhi)行現行目(mu)錄(lu)銷售電價。

  

  國家發展改革委上述負責(ze)同(tong)志表示,建立(li)煤電(dian)容量電(dian)價機(ji)制(zhi)對于終端(duan)用(yong)(yong)戶用(yong)(yong)電(dian)成本的影響,無論是(shi)從短期還是(shi)從長期看,都是(shi)積極正面的。

  

  短期看,對終端用(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本的影(ying)響總體(ti)(ti)較小。由于(yu)建立煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制主要是電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)結構的調整,煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)總體(ti)(ti)價(jia)格水平基本穩定(ding),特(te)別是電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)小幅下降,將帶動水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、新能源等其(qi)他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源參與市場交(jiao)易部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)隨之下行,工商業用(yong)戶(hu)終端用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本總體(ti)(ti)有(you)望穩中略降。

  

  長期看(kan),建立煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)容(rong)量電(dian)價機制(zhi),首次(ci)實現對(dui)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)這(zhe)一(yi)主(zhu)力(li)電(dian)源品種電(dian)能量價值和容(rong)量價值的區分(fen),可(ke)有力(li)推動構建多層次(ci)電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)體系,引導(dao)煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)、新能源等(deng)市場(chang)參與(yu)者各(ge)(ge)展所長、各(ge)(ge)盡(jin)所能、充分(fen)競爭,全面優化電(dian)力(li)資源配置,提升電(dian)力(li)系統的經濟性,從(cong)而降低(di)終端用戶用電(dian)成本。

  

  《通知》要求,各(ge)地要加(jia)強政策協(xie)同,加(jia)快推進電(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場建設發(fa)展(zhan),完善市(shi)場交易規則,促進電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)通過市(shi)場化方式(shi)有效(xiao)形成,與煤電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制協(xie)同發(fa)揮作(zuo)用,更好(hao)保障電(dian)(dian)力安全穩(wen)定供應,促進能源綠色低碳轉型。

  

  國家能源集團(tuan)技術(shu)經濟研究院副主任柴瑋表示,可以預見,隨(sui)著我國電(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)建(jian)設的持續深(shen)入,價格機制改(gai)革的作用將(jiang)愈發(fa)凸(tu)顯,帶動我國電(dian)力(li)(li)市場(chang)建(jian)設朝(chao)著更(geng)加市場(chang)化、更(geng)加規范(fan)化、更(geng)加科學化的方向(xiang)穩步邁(mai)進。


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