工業節能減排政策需進一步完善
2012-08-08 809 中國經濟導報 編輯:云龍
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工信部數據顯示,2012上半年,工業經濟增速減緩導致工業節能減排(pai)形勢好于預(yu)期(qi)(qi),前5個月規模以(yi)上工業(ye)增加值能(neng)(neng)耗下(xia)降了7.35%,超額完成年度(du)下(xia)降5%的預(yu)期(qi)(qi)目標(biao)。展望下(xia)半(ban)年,隨(sui)著國(guo)(guo)家“穩增長、擴內需”政(zheng)策的實施,工業(ye)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)指標(biao)可能(neng)(neng)出現反彈。如何應對高(gao)耗能(neng)(neng)行業(ye)快速(su)擴張?如何破解經濟發展與節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)減(jian)排(pai)的矛盾?如何抓好中小(xiao)企業(ye)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)減(jian)排(pai)?近日(ri),本報就這(zhe)些問題采訪了工信部中國(guo)(guo)電子(zi)信息產業(ye)發展研究院賽迪(di)智(zhi)庫工業(ye)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)和(he)環保(bao)研究所(suo)所(suo)長顧成奎(kui)。
上(shang)半(ban)年:工(gong)業(ye)節(jie)能(neng)減排成果顯著
中(zhong)國(guo)經濟導報(bao):請問(wen)2012上(shang)半年國(guo)內(nei)工業節(jie)能減排形勢如何?
顧成奎:總(zong)體(ti)上看,2012上半(ban)年工(gong)業節能(neng)減排主(zhu)要表現出以(yi)下特點:
第(di)一,工(gong)(gong)業(ye)能(neng)源消(xiao)費(fei)量(liang)增速趨緩(huan),單位工(gong)(gong)業(ye)增加(jia)值能(neng)耗下降(jiang)(jiang)較快。1~5月份,全(quan)國規(gui)模以上工(gong)(gong)業(ye)單位增加(jia)值能(neng)耗下降(jiang)(jiang)7.35%,下降(jiang)(jiang)幅度已超過去年(nian)(nian)全(quan)年(nian)(nian)規(gui)模以上工(gong)(gong)業(ye)增加(jia)值能(neng)耗降(jiang)(jiang)幅(下降(jiang)(jiang)3.49%)近3.9個百分點(dian)。截止到(dao)2012年(nian)(nian)5月底,全(quan)國規(gui)模以上萬元工(gong)(gong)業(ye)增加(jia)值能(neng)耗達(da)到(dao)1.72噸(dun)標(biao)準(zhun)煤,比2010年(nian)(nian)的1.92噸(dun)標(biao)準(zhun)煤下降(jiang)(jiang)了10.6%。
第(di)二,四(si)大高載(zai)能(neng)行(xing)業(ye)能(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)(fei)量占(zhan)工業(ye)能(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)(fei)量的(de)比重下降。上半(ban)年(nian),受(shou)乙烯、水泥、平(ping)板(ban)玻(bo)璃(li)、粗鋼和(he)10種有色(se)(se)金屬等(deng)重點載(zai)能(neng)產品產量增(zeng)(zeng)速顯著下降的(de)影響,化工、建材、鋼鐵(tie)、有色(se)(se)等(deng)四(si)大高載(zai)能(neng)行(xing)業(ye)能(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)(fei)量增(zeng)(zeng)長緩慢,占(zhan)工業(ye)能(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)(fei)總(zong)量的(de)比重下降。
第三,部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)重(zhong)點用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)淘汰(tai)落(luo)(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)空間(jian)縮小,技(ji)(ji)術節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)難度加大(da)。對比分(fen)(fen)析2012年(nian)和2011年(nian)工(gong)信部(bu)(bu)下達(da)的(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)淘汰(tai)落(luo)(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)目標任(ren)(ren)務,煉(lian)鐵、煉(lian)鋼、電(dian)解鋁等部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)高(gao)耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)淘汰(tai)落(luo)(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)任(ren)(ren)務分(fen)(fen)別由2011年(nian)的(de)2653萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、2627萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)和60萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)減少到(dao)1000萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)、780萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun)和27萬(wan)噸(dun)(dun),這些(xie)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)整體技(ji)(ji)術工(gong)藝裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)已經處于(yu)較高(gao)水平(ping),技(ji)(ji)術節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)空間(jian)收窄;水泥(ni)、平(ping)板玻璃等行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)淘汰(tai)落(luo)(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)任(ren)(ren)務增加較多,行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)整體技(ji)(ji)術工(gong)藝裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)水平(ping)仍需進(jin)一步提高(gao),技(ji)(ji)術節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)還存(cun)在(zai)較大(da)潛力(li);此(ci)外(wai),輕工(gong)、紡織(zhi)等行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)淘汰(tai)落(luo)(luo)后產能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)任(ren)(ren)務增長較快,行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)中大(da)量落(luo)(luo)后的(de)技(ji)(ji)術工(gong)藝裝(zhuang)(zhuang)備(bei)普遍存(cun)在(zai),技(ji)(ji)術節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)大(da)有可為。
第四,西(xi)(xi)部工(gong)業經(jing)濟快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan),節能(neng)減排壓力激(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)。目前(qian),西(xi)(xi)部地區仍(reng)處于(yu)工(gong)業化加速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)過程中,《西(xi)(xi)部大(da)開發(fa)2011年進(jin)(jin)展(zhan)情(qing)況(kuang)和2012年工(gong)作安排》中強調以(yi)實施重大(da)工(gong)程項目為(wei)抓手深入推進(jin)(jin)西(xi)(xi)部大(da)開發(fa),西(xi)(xi)部地區工(gong)業經(jing)濟快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)給節能(neng)減排帶(dai)(dai)來巨大(da)壓力,當前(qian)工(gong)業節能(neng)形(xing)勢不容樂觀。1~5月(yue)份,西(xi)(xi)部12省工(gong)業增(zeng)(zeng)加值(zhi)增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)全部超過全國平(ping)均(jun)水平(ping)(10.7%),新疆、貴(gui)州、青(qing)海、寧夏的(de)工(gong)業用(yong)電量增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)均(jun)超過10%以(yi)上,遠高于(yu)全國工(gong)業用(yong)電量增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)(3.7%)的(de)平(ping)均(jun)水平(ping)。今年上半年西(xi)(xi)部地區一大(da)批工(gong)業重大(da)項目投(tou)產,帶(dai)(dai)動了能(neng)源消耗(hao)快(kuai)速(su)增(zeng)(zeng)長。
第五,重(zhong)點工業用能(neng)(neng)(neng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)(pai)工作有序(xu)推進,中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)(pai)內生(sheng)動力依然(ran)不足。“十二五”期間提出實施(shi)萬家企(qi)(qi)(qi)業節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)低碳(tan)行動,將納入考核(he)的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業由“十一五”的998家擴大(da)至16048家,其中(zhong)工業企(qi)(qi)(qi)業占到90%以上(shang)。與以行政手段(duan)推進重(zhong)點工業用能(neng)(neng)(neng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)(pai)工作相比,目前(qian)中(zhong)小(xiao)工業企(qi)(qi)(qi)業節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)(pai)工作內生(sheng)動力不足,特別是上(shang)半年大(da)部分中(zhong)小(xiao)工業企(qi)(qi)(qi)業利潤下滑嚴重(zhong),更無(wu)資(zi)金用于(yu)開(kai)展(zhan)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)(pai)工作。
工業節能減排:問題尚存亟待解決
中國經濟導報:請(qing)問今年上半年工業(ye)節能減排工作中存(cun)在(zai)哪些問題?
顧成奎:上半年(nian)工(gong)業節(jie)能減排工(gong)作(zuo)表現出的問(wen)題主要有以下幾方面:
第(di)一,工(gong)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化趨勢尚(shang)未得到根(gen)本扭轉(zhuan)。1~5月份(fen),輕工(gong)業(ye)同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)速(su)為(wei)11.5%,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)速(su)為(wei)10.3%,盡管輕工(gong)業(ye)同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)速(su)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)快1.2個百分(fen)點,但是短(duan)期內還很難扭轉(zhuan)工(gong)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)偏(pian)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(2011年(nian)底輕重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)28.5:71.5)的趨勢。1~5月份(fen),重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)電量占(zhan)工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)電總量的比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)83.6%,其中化工(gong)、建材、鋼鐵、有色等四大高載能(neng)行業(ye)用(yong)電量占(zhan)工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)電總量的比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)43.8%,重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)業(ye)能(neng)源消耗比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)依然偏(pian)大。
第二,對(dui)中(zhong)小工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)節能減(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)工(gong)作重(zhong)視(shi)不夠(gou)(gou)。目前國(guo)(guo)家對(dui)重(zhong)點工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)能企業(ye)節能減(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)十分重(zhong)視(shi),但對(dui)量(liang)大(da)面(mian)廣(guang)的(de)中(zhong)小工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)節能減(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)重(zhong)視(shi)不夠(gou)(gou),一些落后的(de)工(gong)藝技術裝(zhuang)備在中(zhong)小工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)中(zhong)廣(guang)泛(fan)使用(yong),中(zhong)小工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)很難獲得國(guo)(guo)家節能減(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)技術改造資(zi)金支持,中(zhong)小工(gong)業(ye)企業(ye)節能減(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)基礎(chu)管理(li)薄弱,能源利(li)用(yong)效率亟待提高。
第三,中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展與節能減排存在(zai)矛(mao)盾。目(mu)前在(zai)中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu),至少有10個省市提出(chu)“十二五”經(jing)濟(ji)總量(liang)翻番的(de)目(mu)標(biao),折(zhe)算成年均目(mu)標(biao),GDP增速(su)(su)接近15%,中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)速(su)(su)增長(chang)(chang)需要工業重大項目(mu)來支撐(cheng)。一大批工業重大項目(mu)的(de)投產必然導致能源消(xiao)耗快(kuai)速(su)(su)增長(chang)(chang),中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)面(mian)臨著既(ji)要加(jia)快(kuai)經(jing)濟(ji)發(fa)展又要節能減排的(de)兩難困境。